The Electronic Fuel Injection System Engineering Essay

The Electronic Fuel Injection System Engineering Essay The Electronic Fuel Injection system can be divided into three: basic sub -systems. These are the fuel delivery system, air induction system, and the electronic control system. The fuel delivery system consists of the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel delivery pipe (fuel rail), fuel injector, fuel pressure regulator, and fuel return pipe. Fuel is delivered from the tank to the injector by means of an electric fuel pump. The pump is typically located in or near the fuel tank. Contaminants are filtered out by a high capacity in line fuel filter. Fuel is maintained at a constant pressure by means of a fuel pressure regulator. Any fuel which is not delivered to the intake manifold by the injector is returned to the tank through a fuel return pipe. The Air Induction System The air induction system consists of the air cleaner, air flow meter, throttle valve, air intake chamber, intake manifold runner, and intake valve. When the throttle valve is opened, air flows through the air cleaner, through the air flow meter (on L type systems), past the throttle valve, and through a well tuned intake manifold runner to the intake valve. Air delivered to the engine is a function of driver demand. As the throttle valve is opened further, more air is allowed to enter the engine cylinders. Mostly the L type EFI system measures air flow directly by using an air flow meter. The D type EFI system measures air flow indirectly by monitoring the pressure in the intake manifold. Electronic Control System The electronic control system consists of various engine sensors, Electronic Control Unit (ECU), fuel injector assemblies, and related wiring. The ECU determines precisely how much fuel needs to be delivered by the injector by monitoring the engine sensors. The ECU turns the injectors on for a precise amount of time, referred to as injection pulse width or injection duration, to deliver the proper air/fuel ratio to the engine. Basic System Operation Air enters the engine through the air induction system where it is measured by the air flow meter. As the air flows into the cylinder, fuel is mixed into the air by the fuel injector. Fuel injectors are arranged in the intake manifold behind each intake valve. The injectors are electrical solenoids which are operated by the ECU. The ECU pulses the injector by switching the injector ground circuit on and off. When the injector is turned on, it opens, spraying atomized fuel at the back side of the intake valve. As fuel is sprayed into the intake airstream, it mixes with the incoming air and vaporizes due to the low pressures in the intake manifold. The ECU signals the injector to deliver just enough fuel to achieve an ideal air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1, often referred to as stoichiometry. The precise amount of fuel delivered to the engine is a function of ECU control. The ECU determines the basic injection quantity based upon measured intake air volume and engine rpm. Depending on engine operating conditions, injection quantity will vary. The ECU monitors variables such as coolant temperature, engine speed, throttle angle, and exhaust oxygen content and makes injection corrections which determine final injection quantity. WHAT ONE HAS TO DO TO CONVERT CARB TO EFI IN CASE OF A CAR Heres what is required for complete conversion EFI head and intake manifold with everything still attached. Crossover tube, MAF sensor and air box Fuel tank with fuel pump Entire wiring harness from the car. EFI computer EFI distributor EFI coil/igniter EFI gauge set in the dash Knock sensor, main relay Anything else that was attached to the wiring harness Other things which are also essential LC Engineering EFI Pro cam Fel Pro head gasket set Fluids These are the steps Out with the old Air cleaner off valve cover off Head off Head on the bench with the intake removed. EFI intake and EFI head Carb head and EFI components installed Certain small things that we found were different were: There was some sort of smog device bolted to where the EFI fuel filter goes. It isnt used with EFI and was discarded as were the air tubes that go above the header. The high pressure fuel line has to be either made or salvaged. The vacuum hose for the brake booster is different between carb and EFI. The upper radiator hose is different between carb and EFI The good thing is that two of the plugs that go into the computer can be disconnected and are only go to the engine. So, if you unplug these from the intake, then pull the intake intact. The third plug has the power and other things going to it for the EFI. All game is to take your time and check each wire coming out of the computer. There seems to be only 3 components outside of the normal EFI stuff.   The main EFI relay located in the interior fuse panel under the drivers side dash. The circuit opening relay located under the passenger side dash. This is controlled by the MAF sensor and turns on and off the fuel pump. It is also tied into the main EFI relay. The solenoid resistor is connected to a switched power source (IGN) and goes to the fuel injectors. This is located in the engine compartment passneger side. Pretty much, the only thing that is not straight forward is how these three components are wired.   Mathematical Formulation; Top of Form Most EFI systems have a standard set of sensors. These include: The  Barometric Pressure (BARO) Sensor, which provides the ECU with the atmospheric air pressure reading. The  Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sensor, which provides the ECU with the engines current operating temperature. This is important because fuel vaporization varies for different engine temperatures. A cold engine requires more fuel while a hot engine requires less. The  Intake Air Temperature (IAT) Sensor, which the ECU needs to take into account when determining pulse duration. The  Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor, which is a tube positioned after the air filter in the air intake duct. The MAF sensor has a fine platinum wire that spans across the tube. The wire is heated by electrical current to maintain a constant temperature above ambient. The air flow past the wire cools the wire and more current is required to maintain the constant temperature. Thus, the amount of current required to maintain the constant temperature indicates the air flow rate. The air flow rate is divided by RPM to determine the pulse duration. The  Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor, which uses manifold vacuum to measure engine load. An EFI system that uses a MAP sensor does not require a MAF sensor as it can use the input from the MAP sensor to determine the required pulse duration. The  Oxygen Sensor (O2S), which is used to measure the amount of oxygen that is not consumed during combustion. This is important for the correct operation of the catalyst converter and is used for emissions control rather than performance or economy. The O2S is located in the exhaust system and is an after-the-fact measure of the air/fuel ratio. Too much unburnt fuel in the exhaust indicates a lean mixture while too little oxygen indicates a rich mixture. The  Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor, which is important for timing purposes as it tells the ECU which spark plug to fire and which injector to open at any given point in the  Otto cycle. The  Throttle Position (TP) Sensor, which is another important sensor as the throttle position and the rate of change in the throttle position indicates the what the diver wants the car to do. Top of Form The modifications we can perform on an  OEM EFI  are somewhat limited because the OEM ECU is  not reprogrammable. However, there are a number of things we learned that we mechanical engineers do to modify the EFI system without having to reprogram the ECU. We can  increase the fuel pressure  as this is one reading that the ECU of a normal efi kit used in the cultus eg does not take into account it assumes the fuel pressure is a constant 30 psi(an estimated value given by Pak Suzuki ) above intake manifold pressure; we can  intercept the pulse signal  form the ECU, alter it using input from the manifold pressure and send it to the injector; we can  increase the injector nozzle size; or   increase the number of injectors. However, your best option, performance wise, is to install an  aftermarket ECU. In the next few pages well discuss each of these options. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form There are a few important factors that our study shows that must be taken into account when  installing an efi engine. These are: the  pulse duration  of the injectors and the  duty cycle. The injector pulse duration is the amount of time that the injector is held open so that it can inject fuel into the combustion chamber. The pulse duration is controlled by the engine control unit (ECU) and is dependent on various sensors in the electronic fuel injection (EFI) system. The longer the pulse duration, the more fuel is added to the air/fuel mixture. The amount of fuel required at any one time varies by the amount of  air flow, the  air density, the  engine load, and the  engine temperature. Therefore the pulse duration will vary. However, there is only a limited amount of time that the injector can be held open at each revolution of the engine. This amount of time is reduced as  engine speed  increases. For example, at 600 RPM the available time is 0.1 seconds (60 seconds in a minute divided by 600 revolutions) but at 6,000 RPM it is only 0.01 seconds. The pulse duration relative to the available time at the engine  red line  is called the duty cycle and is expressed as a percentage. Thus a duty cycle of 80% means that at the engine red line the pulse duration (the amount of time the injector is help open) is 80% of the available time. Top of Form INCREASING THE DUTY CYCLE Top of Form INCREASING INJECTOR NOZZLE SIZE Top of Form Performance ECU Chips Top of Form Replacing the  stock ECU chip  with a  reprogrammed performance chip  is a good option for anything up to a 10% increase in engine power. This is mainly due to the way in which the stock ECU chip is programmed. In essence, the stock ECU is programmed for optimal performance at  peak torque  so as this ensures that the car is drivable at low engine speeds. As most cars would be driven at low engine speeds of up to 3,500 RPM, ensuring that the car drives perfectly at these engine speeds is perfectly reasonable; unless you want to modify your car! A reprogrammed performance chip will be programmed for optimal performance up to the  engine red line, releasing a moderate power increase but making the car less drivable at lower engine speeds. Top of Form THE FUEL PICKUP The fuel pickup should also get some consideration, especially on a modified street race car with a  steel fuel tank. On such vehicles the fuel level in the fuel tank can drop below the fuel pickup during  hard cornering  or  heavy acceleration  and  heavy braking  and can cause a momentary drop in fuel pressure and engine performance. The solution is to have a  secondary fuel pump  supply a small  fuel reservoir  or swirl pot that feels the primary fuel pumps. The fuel reservoir is a simple cylinder with an fuel inlet from the secondary pump at the side, a fuel return line at the top and fuel pickup lines to the primary pumps at the bottom. The fuel reservoir should have a capacity of at least 1 liter and should be mounted low, beside the fuel tank. With a fuel reservoir, the primary fuel pumps will always have a fuel supply even under hard cornering of heavy acceleration and braking conditions. Calculation on this bases were done and were utilized in MATLAB program Bottom of Form

Amanda Bynes Psychological Perspective Essay

The popular child star, Amanda Bynes, has recently gone through a wild child phase, as seen by committing several federal crimes, such as hitting and running, driving under the influence, and using illegal drugs. Bynes has recently been diagnosed with both Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder. Finally, after several outrageous months, Bynes was, â€Å"placed under an involuntary hold,† known as the 5150 psychiatric hold, in Los Angeles, California. The UCLA Medical Center came to a conclusion and diagnosed Amanda Bynes with both, a bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Bynes’ disorder can be applicable based on several different perspectives such as the biological, and the social cognitive. Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder in which the person is categorized as having disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions, disorganized, and delusional thoughts. Schizophrenia occurs due to dopamine over activity in the brain, biological predisposition, an d environmental stresses when in the mother’s womb. Bynes biological, schizophrenic symptoms included hallucination, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and a sense that she was not truly part of the world. Bynes also suffers from a bipolar disorder that is also a genetic predisposition and is caused by three different brain chemicals, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, and abnormal brain circuit function. All the same, Schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders can be connected based on the dopamine chemical. On the other hand, the Freudian perspective believed that schizophrenia was truly several disorders, and was probably caused by the fact that the child did not successfully develop an attachment. Due to the fact that Bynes is actually diagnosed with more than one form of Schizophrenia, and with a bipolar disorder, Freud’s belief was right. All the same it is said that Bynes suffers a slight form of posttraumatic stress disorder after going through the pressures of stardom. Bynes never truly had parental figures as mentioned by a fox news source, â€Å"Amanda can’t make important decisions regarding her finances and welfare,† explained the source. â€Å"But her parents can’t either. Everything still needs  to go through Amanda lawyer and the judge.† The Neo-Freudian perspective believed much in the Freudian perspective, but placed a greater emphasize on childhood relationships. Based on the Neo-Freudian perspective the people who developed psychological disorders such as schizophrenia were love deprived. Based on Bynes’ history, the neo- Freudian perspective would apply based on the fact that she grew up on television without living a normal life and forming normal loving relationships. Growing up in the spotlight is not so easy, as portrayed by stars like Lindsey Lohan, Britney Spears, and Macaulay Culkin. The social cognitive perspective emphasizes this point. The social cognitive perspective emphasized the importa nce of how people process information, and how they apply that information when placed in a social environment. Based on research in both schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder we see how Bynes’ has a lack of social cognition. One of the symptoms that prove the social cognitive perspective is her need to be in a rehabilitation center due to the fact that she cannot be part of community. The behavior perspective suggests that all behaviors are learned. Based on the fact that Bynes grew up in stardom several celebrities went wild. Based on the behavior perspective Bynes’ paranoid schizophrenia could have also formed from all the paparazzi bombarding her. Existential psychology uses the study of phenomena, which are our feelings, relationships, thoughts ext. Existential psychology focuses on the inner conflicts a person, has based on confrontation with the world. All the same there are two existential dilemmas that include the balance between autonomy and connection, and the need to have a sense of self-security. For bipolar as well as schizophrenics existential psychology greatly affects the person. Before being admitted into rehab, Amanda Bynes was said to be suicidal, meaning that her thoughts on he r own existentialism were extremely low. All in all, we see how all of the six different perspective of Amanda Bynes’ can be of great use when diagnosing a psychological disorder.

New Step by Step Roadmap for Topics for a Response Essay on Enduring Chill by Flannery Oconnor

New Step by Step Roadmap for Topics for a Response Essay on Enduring Chill by Flannery Oconnor Topics for a Response Essay on Enduring Chill by Flannery Oconnor Features In that period of time, everybody in the family had to contribute to survive. There's no religious connection between both of them. A guide wasn't needed because there wasn't any danger, just calm sailing. Nobody can break the bond between both. Things You Should Know About Topics for a Response Essay on Enduring Chill by Flannery Oconnor 2 Racism is a significant theme in several of the stories. Individuals can't eliminate the unthinkable in life. Fantastic Country People is among the most wanted works of Flannery O' Connor. Freedom can't be conceived simply. Even if a text uses a conventional structure, it's still worthwhile to consider whether there was space for improvement. That's absolutely amazing to me. Deciding upon an approach to your argument is the initial step. Your conclusion should incorporate a fundamental summary of the points you've made in your body paragraphs. Remember, however, that with all kinds of comparison, the focus of your analysis ought to be on the writer's technique, as opposed to an overview of the writing. Your analysis of your evidence is the most essential part of your response essay. Julian's mother's struggle is quite evident when she won't ride the bus by herself because of how Negroes are permitted to ride them. After suffering for many decades, O'Connor died of lupus at the time of 39. Mrs. Fox would like to help Asbury but he doesn't want to have the assistance of his mother, he'd rather feel sorry for himself. Alternatively, you should look to spell out the way the author's technique or use of a character, as an example, increases the theme conveyed. However, it's an intriguing theme to explore further. This poem is extremely powerful and sentimental. Specifically, concentrate on the narration style in your selected text. Short passages might be quoted in a response essay alongside citations. You should discover the last objectives of each text and the mutual features if you own a set of those. These are definitely the most important of lines that I find inside this poem. Within the analysis, your reaction to the text also needs to be presented. The Debate Over Topics for a Response Essay on Enduring Chill by Flannery Oconnor How the poem is in 2nd person also raises the intimacy of the poem. Marginality is among the facets of the 2 stories and it is the secret issue concerning on the way the human behaviors instill sense of responsibilities in both parties. Second, the term terrorism represents vice in those who've been considered terrorists. O'Connor was thought to be among the most effective short story writers of her time. Isolation, through the usage of barriers helps insure a comfortable zone that's beneficial for both parties. Within this relationship, or lack there of, there's a fee ling of greater power as soon as the Norton is scolded. Abbey ends with a concept which he believes would result in a better environment. Inside my opinion, the separation between the very first half of the collection and the second half is largely due to the sort of relationship seen. Understanding Topics for a Response Essay on Enduring Chill by Flannery Oconnor Frost employs this dramatic spin on a chain of events to lead you through a set of emotions as the poem develops. O'Connor suggests they are major symbols of his most essential things in life, however, all of them are linked to something he did wrong before. In the instance of human action and responsibility, the sort of separation the Manicheans insisted upon can be considered in two ways. In a better part of the stories from the very first half of the collection, the point of view had the kid. The very best thing about our writing service is that you may offer a whole description and get it written exactly the direction you require it. The truth of Pointer's character has been revealed to the reader by using a third person perspective.

Benefits of Technology in the Sports World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 934 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Although there is some speculation as to whether the use of technology in sports takes value away from games in its entirety, technology ultimately benefits the sports world in a plethora of ways. When it comes to sports and training, athletes and coaches want to do everything in their power to gain an advantage over their opponents. Technology is one of the ways that athletes can maximize their performance and abilities. Technology can benefit the athlete in many ways beyond just training. It is used to create better performance clothing and shoes to give athletes proper equipment to work with. It also can be used for training to analyze the athletes behavior and tendencies so that he can fix or adjust his strengths and weaknesses. These devices allow the athlete to measure his cardiovascular endurance and vital signs so that he can push himself as far as possible without injury or damage. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Benefits of Technology in the Sports World" essay for you Create order Safety is a significant concern for many players and spectators in contact sports. They love their games and want to be able to play and watch it for years, but do not want to risk brain damage or other injuries. It is where technology represents one of its most vital roles in sports. More and more advanced technology is coming out that provides more safety equipment for players to protect themselves and others.Recent technology allows for the safest helmets, mouthpieces, and pads to be provided to players and participants that protect them from harm and reduce the risk of damage. It allows them to continue to play the sport they love, but to play it more safely. Injuries can be huge for players, and the consequences for the team fatal. The same data are taken from biomedical software to note muscle and joint movement can also be used to analyze potential signifiers such as an imbalance of movement, which could suggest an injury in its early stages (innovation enterprise). Not only i s technology beneficial for preventing injuries, but it can also be used to detect early signs of trauma and treat it quickly. It gives athletes a chance to heal and get back in the game quicker and saves the team money by protecting their players. Fan accessibility and media is a vital role in sports that could not be utilized without technology. The growth in technology has given fans the ability to track and monitor their teams performance and stats in real time, without having to pay a premium for tickets. Being able to watch a live game online allows the less financially blessed people the same access to the game as the fans who can afford the tickets. Technology gives global fans a chance to follow their favorite teams from across the globe.Giving the fan a participatory role so that they feel as involved in the team as possible is vital, and by analyzing social media activity, it is easy to look at how people are interacting with the team on a day-to-day-basis (innovation enterprise). By allowing the fans to be involved in the teams day-to-day activities, this gives the team more support and allows the fans to feel like they are a part of the team. Social media provides fans a platform to interact with other fans and tal k about the game and their favorite players. The group benefits from technology as well by utilizing data to see how the fans experience was and their enjoyment and satisfaction levels. They can also use this data to contact potentially interested players and employees. A recent outbreak in sports technology came in the form ofgoal-line technology.One of the most famous and recent technologies introduced in soccer is calledgoal-line technology. It is used to determine if a ball has crossed the goal line, to support the referee (Technogym). This is used in sports such as soccer to efficiently tell if the ball crossed the line and is a goal. It makes up for any human error on the referees part. Another great piece of sporting technology is instant replay for sports like basketball and football that allow the officials to review individual plays that they may have miscalled in the first place. Both of these pieces of equipment bring more fairness into sports and alleviate any human error. Technology can play a critical role in athletic training. Not only with advanced sporting equipment and athletic wear, but also in performance. With more and more technology coming out, athletes have more resources than ever to maximize their full potential.These include devices used for exercise stress testing and cardiovascular assessment, human reaction time and frequency of movement meters, and devices such as force platforms that measure the characteristics of jumping and running (Subject Support). These devices can mean the difference in athletes pushing themselves too hard and risking injury, or athletes training to the best of their ability and no further. This increase in technology will also be very beneficial to coaches by helping them analyze their players more thoroughly and effectively. Without technology, players and coaches would have no way to monitor their vital signs and test for the most effective ways to train for that specific athlete.The muscle fibers in someon es body are influenced by genes but also by training, environment, and diet. Understanding how all these things interact can help coaches tailor workouts to help an athlete get past a plateau (Business Insider). Technology boosts athletic performance by allowing athletes to tailor their workouts to their specific needs and sports. They would not be able to see what they need to tweak to improve without technology.